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# גַּלְמוּד

Biblical Hebrew · Strong's H1565

**hard** — used 4 times in the Hebrew Bible. Below: its meanings with their sources, MACULA's glosses, and 2 verses word for word and in JPS 1917.

## Meaning

### OpenScriptures lexical index

hard [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/tanakh/1490/1565/#m1)

### Brown–Driver–Briggs 1906

גַּלְמוּד: adj. hard, barren [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/tanakh/1490/1565/#m2)

**The whole BDB entry:** adj. hard, barren (NH id. lonely NHWB; Arabic جَلْمَدٌ rock, جَلْمَدَةٌ stony (of land); Aramaic גַּלְמוּדָה cf. BaNB 208)—ג׳ Jb 3:7 + 2 times Jb; f. גַּלְמוּדָה Is 49:21;—hard, barren, unproductive, mostly fig.: Jb 15:34 of company of wicked men, where prob. a subst. v. De Di; Jb 30:3 through want and famine (they are) stiff (lifeless; RV gaunt); of exiled Zion as bereaved and barren woman Is 49:21; so of night of Job’s birth Jb 3:7.

Why these entries: BDB: headword, part of speech agrees, 4 of its verses cited, 1 words shared with the glosses, lists its Strong's number (1 candidates); OSHB: headword, part of speech agrees, 1 words shared with the BDB entry, 0 with the glosses (1 candidates)

## Glosses

MACULA's English glosses of the word in the text, with how often each is used: barren (3); \[is\] barren (1).

## In the verses

[Job 15:34](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/JOB.15.34/) · [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/JOB.15.34/#tree)

כִּֽי־עֲדַ֣ת חָנֵ֣ף גַּלְמ֑וּד וְ֝אֵ֗שׁ אָכְלָ֥ה אָֽהֳלֵי־שֹֽׁחַד׃

*Word for word:* (dm) a.company of.\[the\].godless \[is\].barren and fire it.consumes \[the\].tents of.a.bribe

*JPS 1917:* For the company of the godless shall be desolate, and fire shall consume the tents of bribery.

[Job 3:7](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/JOB.3.7/) · [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/JOB.3.7/#tree)

הִנֵּ֤ה הַלַּ֣יְלָה הַ֭הוּא יְהִ֣י גַלְמ֑וּד אַל־תָּבֹ֖א רְנָנָ֣ה בֽוֹ׃

*Word for word:* there! the night (the) that let.it.be barren not let.it.come a.cry.of.joy in it

*JPS 1917:* Lo, let that night be desolate; let no joyful voice come therein.

## On Mova

- [This word in the Tanakh dictionary](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/tanakh/w/1565.html) on Mova free.
- [Trees and pragmatics of its meanings](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/tanakh/1490/1565/): every English meaning parsed by Mova, with its dependency tree and frames.

Sources. The words, their counts, glosses and the word-for-word renderings: MACULA Hebrew (the Westminster Leningrad Codex; Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0). Meanings: the OpenScriptures lexical index (CC BY 4.0), Brown–Driver–Briggs 1906 and Jastrow 1903 (public domain, via Sefaria); Targum Onkelos from Sefaria (public domain). Translation: JPS 1917 (public domain, from eBible.org).