[Elamur Dictionary](https://md.dictionary.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://dictionary.elamur.ai/free/en/english/rough/) [dictionaries](https://md.dictionary.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [English](https://md.dictionary.elamur.ai/free/en/english/) / [R](https://md.dictionary.elamur.ai/free/en/english/r/) / rough # rough adjective (rough, rougher, roughest); adverb (rough — informal); noun (the rough); verb (rough it, rough out) «rough» in the English dictionary: everyday and in Jewish tradition — its meanings, how the lessons use it, and examples, each with its tree on Mova. ## Everyday 1. Rough means not smooth; a rough surface is bumpy or uneven when you touch it. [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/rough/#m1) 2. Rough means not gentle; using too much force. [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/rough/#m2) 3. Rough means not exact or not finished, like a rough guess or a rough drawing. [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/rough/#m3) 4. Rough weather or sea is stormy, with big waves and wind. [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/rough/#m4) 5. Rough means difficult or unpleasant, like a rough day. [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/rough/#m5) 6. Feeling rough (UK) means feeling ill. [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/rough/#m6) 7. To rough it is to live without comforts, as when camping. [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/rough/#m7) 8. Rough can also mean not polished or refined, lacking fine manners or style. [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/rough/#m8) ### In the lessons In science, rough surfaces make more friction than smooth ones (sandpaper, tyre treads), so things slide less. In maths, a rough estimate or rough answer is an approximate one, often found by rounding. In writing, a «rough draft» is the first try before the final copy. In safety, rough seas mean stay out of the water, and rough play can hurt people. Phrases: «rough and tumble», «rough estimate», «rough copy», «rough draft», «rough sea», «sleep rough» (sleep outdoors without a home). ### Examples - The bark of the tree feels rough. [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/rough/#x1) - Sandpaper is rough, but glass is smooth. [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/rough/#x2) - Don't be rough with the puppy. [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/rough/#x3) - Make a rough estimate before you calculate. [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/rough/#x4) - Write a rough draft first, then check it. [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/rough/#x5) - The sea was too rough for swimming. [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/rough/#x6) - I've had a rough day. [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/rough/#x7) - Rough surfaces create more friction. [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/rough/#x8) - "It was a little rough--it wanted elegance." [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/rough/#x9) ### Note The «gh» sounds like «f»: «ruff». Comparative rougher, superlative roughest; adverb roughly («roughly 50» = about 50). Opposite: smooth (surface), gentle (behaviour), exact (number), calm (sea). In maths, «roughly» or «rough» means approximately. ## In Jewish tradition A rough valley is a wild place with a running stream, never plowed or sown, where the heifer's neck is broken to atone for an unsolved killing. **Interpretation.** Tradition says the elders there declare their hands did not shed the blood, and the ritual teaches that a community is responsible for those on its roads. ### Examples - And the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer unto a rough valley, which may neither be plowed nor sown, and shall break the heifer's neck there in the valley. (Torah DEU.21.4, JPS 1917) [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/R/rough/#x1) - And the rough he-goat is the king of Greece; and the great horn that is between his eyes is the first king. (Writings DAN.8.21, JPS 1917) [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/R/rough/#x2) - In full measure, when Thou sendest her away, Thou dost contend with her; He hath removed her with His rough blast in the day of the east wind. (Prophets ISA.27.8, JPS 1917) [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/R/rough/#x3) - Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill shall be made low; and the rugged shall be made level, and the rough places a plain; (Prophets ISA.40.4, JPS 1917) [tree →](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/R/rough/#x4) ### Note The «gh» sounds like «f»: «ruff». Comparative rougher, superlative roughest; adverb roughly («roughly 50» = about 50). Opposite: smooth (surface), gentle (behaviour), exact (number), calm (sea). In maths, «roughly» or «rough» means approximately. ## On Mova - [Trees and pragmatics of «rough» in the school dictionary](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/rough/): every meaning and example parsed by Mova, with its dependency tree and frames. - [«rough» in the school dictionary](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/rough.html) on Mova free. - [Trees and pragmatics of «rough» in the Judaism dictionary](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/R/rough/): every meaning and example parsed by Mova, with its dependency tree and frames. - [«rough» in the Judaism dictionary](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/rough.html) on Mova free.